#+title: Simulated Muscles

 #+author: Robert McIntyre

 #+email: rlm@mit.edu

 #+description: muscles for a simulated creature

 #+keywords: simulation, jMonkeyEngine3, clojure

 #+SETUPFILE: ../../aurellem/org/setup.org

 #+INCLUDE: ../../aurellem/org/level-0.org

 

 

 * Muscles

 

 Surprisingly enough, terrestrial creatures only move by using torque

 applied about their joints.  There's not a single straight line of

 force in the human body at all!  (A straight line of force would

 correspond to some sort of jet or rocket propulsion.)

 

 In humans, muscles are composed of muscle fibers which can contract to

 exert force. The muscle fibers which compose a muscle are partitioned

 into discrete groups which are each controlled by a single alpha motor

 neuron. A single alpha motor neuron might control as little as three

 or as many as one thousand muscle fibers. When the alpha motor neuron

 is engaged by the spinal cord, it activates all of the muscle fibers

 to which it is attached. The spinal cord generally engages the alpha

 motor neurons which control few muscle fibers before the motor neurons

 which control many muscle fibers.  This recruitment strategy allows

 for precise movements at low strength. The collection of all motor

 neurons that control a muscle is called the motor pool. The brain

 essentially says "activate 30% of the motor pool" and the spinal cord

 recruits motor neurons until 30% are activated. Since the

 distribution of power among motor neurons is unequal and recruitment

 goes from weakest to strongest, the first 30% of the motor pool might

 be 5% of the strength of the muscle.

 

 My simulated muscles follow a similar design: Each muscle is defined

 by a 1-D array of numbers (the "motor pool"). Each entry in the array

 represents a motor neuron which controls a number of muscle fibers

 equal to the value of the entry. Each muscle has a scalar strength

 factor which determines the total force the muscle can exert when all

 motor neurons are activated.  The effector function for a muscle takes

 a number to index into the motor pool, and then "activates" all the

 motor neurons whose index is lower or equal to the number.  Each

 motor-neuron will apply force in proportion to its value in the array.

 Lower values cause less force.  The lower values can be put at the

 "beginning" of the 1-D array to simulate the layout of actual human

 muscles, which are capable of more precise movements when exerting

 less force. Or, the motor pool can simulate more exotic recruitment

 strategies which do not correspond to human muscles.

 

 This 1D array is defined in an image file for ease of

 creation/visualization. Here is an example muscle profile image.

 

 #+caption: A muscle profile image that describes the strengths of each motor neuron in a muscle. White is weakest and dark red is strongest. This particular pattern has weaker motor neurons at the beginning, just like human muscle.

 [[../images/basic-muscle.png]]

 

 * Blender Meta-data

 

 In blender, each muscle is an empty node whose top level parent is

 named "muscles", just like eyes, ears, and joints.

 

 These functions define the expected meta-data for a muscle node.

 

 #+name: muscle-meta-data

 #+begin_src clojure 

 (in-ns 'cortex.movement)

 

 (def 

   ^{:doc "Return the children of the creature's \"muscles\" node."

     :arglists '([creature])}

   muscles

   (sense-nodes "muscles"))

 

 

 (defn muscle-profile-image

   "Get the muscle-profile image from the node's blender meta-data."

   [#^Node muscle]

   (if-let [image (meta-data muscle "muscle")]

     (load-image image)))

 

 (defn muscle-strength

   "Return the strength of this muscle, or 1 if it is not defined."

   [#^Node muscle]

   (if-let [strength (meta-data muscle "strength")]

     strength 1))

 

 (defn motor-pool

   "Return a vector where each entry is the strength of the \"motor

    neuron\" at that part in the muscle."

   [#^Node muscle]

   (let [profile (muscle-profile-image muscle)]

     (vec

      (let [width (.getWidth profile)]

        (for [x (range width)]

        (- 255

           (bit-and

            0x0000FF

            (.getRGB profile x 0))))))))

 #+end_src

 

 Of note here is =motor-pool= which interprets the muscle-profile

 image in a way that allows me to use gradients between white and red,

 instead of shades of gray as I've been using for all the other

 senses. This is purely an aesthetic touch.

 

 * Creating Muscles

 #+name: muscle-kernel

 #+begin_src clojure

 (in-ns 'cortex.movement)

 

 (defn movement-kernel

   "Returns a function which when called with a integer value inside a

    running simulation will cause movement in the creature according

    to the muscle's position and strength profile. Each function

    returns the amount of force applied / max force."

   [#^Node creature #^Node muscle]

   (let [target (closest-node creature muscle)

         axis

         (.mult (.getWorldRotation muscle) Vector3f/UNIT_Y)

         strength (muscle-strength muscle)

         

         pool (motor-pool muscle)

         pool-integral (reductions + pool)

         forces

         (vec (map  #(float (* strength (/ % (last pool-integral))))

               pool-integral))

         control (.getControl target RigidBodyControl)]

     (println-repl (.getName target) axis)

     (fn [n]

       (let [pool-index (max 0 (min n (dec (count pool))))

             force (forces pool-index)]

         (.applyTorque control (.mult axis force))

         (float (/ force strength))))))

 

 (defn movement!

   "Endow the creature with the power of movement. Returns a sequence

    of functions, each of which accept an integer value and will

    activate their corresponding muscle."

   [#^Node creature]

     (for [muscle (muscles creature)]

       (movement-kernel creature muscle)))

 #+end_src

 

 =movement-kernel= creates a function that will move the nearest

 physical object to the muscle node. The muscle exerts a rotational

 force dependent on it's orientation to the object in the blender

 file. The function returned by =movement-kernel= is also a sense

 function: it returns the percent of the total muscle strength that is

 currently being employed. This is analogous to muscle tension in

 humans and completes the sense of proprioception begun in the last

 post. 

 

 * Visualizing Muscle Tension

 Muscle exertion is a percent of a total, so the visualization is just a

 simple percent bar.

 

 #+name: visualization

 #+begin_src clojure

 (defn movement-display-kernel

   "Display muscle exertion data as a bar filling up with red."

   [exertion]

      (let [height 20

            width 300

            image (BufferedImage. width height

                                  BufferedImage/TYPE_INT_RGB)

            fill (min (int (* width exertion)) width)]

        (dorun

         (for [x (range fill)

               y (range height)]

           (.setRGB image x y 0xFF0000)))

        image))

 

 (defn view-movement

   "Creates a function which accepts a list of muscle-exertion data and

   displays each element of the list to the screen."

   []

   (view-sense movement-display-kernel))

 #+end_src

 

 * Adding Touch to the Worm

 

 To the worm, I add two new nodes which describe a single muscle. 

 

 #+attr_html: width=755

 #+caption: The node highlighted in orange is the parent node of all muscles in the worm.  The arrow highlighted in yellow represents the creature's single muscle, which moves the top segment.  The other nodes which are not highlighted are joints, eyes, and ears.

 [[../images/worm-with-muscle.png]]

 

 #+name: test-movement

 #+begin_src clojure

 (defn test-worm-movement

   ([] (test-worm-movement false))

   ([record?]

      (let [creature (doto (worm) (body!))

 

            muscle-exertion (atom 0)

            muscles (movement! creature)

            muscle-display (view-movement)]

        (.setMass

         (.getControl (.getChild creature "worm-11") RigidBodyControl)

         (float 0))

        (world

         (nodify [creature (floor)])

         (merge standard-debug-controls

                {"key-h"

                 (fn [_ value]

                   (if value

                     (swap!  muscle-exertion (partial + 20))))

                 "key-n"

                 (fn [_ value]

                   (if value

                     (swap! muscle-exertion (fn [v] (- v 20)))))})

         (fn [world]

           (if record?

             (Capture/captureVideo

              world

              (File. "/home/r/proj/cortex/render/worm-muscles/main-view")))

           (light-up-everything world)

           (enable-debug world)

           (.setTimer world (RatchetTimer. 60))

           (set-gravity world (Vector3f. 0 0 0))

           (.setLocation (.getCamera world)

                         (Vector3f. -4.912815, 2.004171, 0.15710819))

           (.setRotation (.getCamera world)

                         (Quaternion. 0.13828252, 0.65516764, 

                                      -0.12370994, 0.7323449)))

         (fn [world tpf]

           (muscle-display

            (map #(% @muscle-exertion) muscles)

            (if record?

              (File. "/home/r/proj/cortex/render/worm-muscles/muscles"))))))))

 #+end_src

 

 * Video Demonstration 

 

 #+begin_html

 <div class="figure">

 <center>

 <video controls="controls" width="550">

   <source src="../video/worm-muscles.ogg" type="video/ogg"

 	  preload="none" poster="../images/aurellem-1280x480.png" />

 </video>

 <br> <a href="http://youtu.be/8Rp4jEGMDWU"> YouTube </a>

 </center>

 <p>The worm is now able to move. The bar in the lower right displays

   the power output of the muscle . Each jump causes 20 more motor neurons to

   be recruited.  Notice that the power output increases non-linearly

   with motor neuron recruitment, similar to a human muscle.</p>

 </div>

 #+end_html

 

 ** Making the Worm Muscles Video

 #+name: magick7

 #+begin_src clojure

 (ns cortex.video.magick7

   (:import java.io.File)

   (:use clojure.java.shell))

 

 (defn images [path]

   (sort (rest (file-seq (File. path)))))

 

 (def base "/home/r/proj/cortex/render/worm-muscles/")

 

 (defn pics [file]

   (images (str base file)))

 

 (defn combine-images []

   (let [main-view (pics "main-view")

         muscles (pics "muscles/0")

         targets (map

                  #(File. (str base "out/" (format "%07d.png" %)))

                  (range 0 (count main-view)))]

     (dorun

      (pmap

       (comp

        (fn [[ main-view muscles target]]

          (println target)

          (sh "convert"

              main-view 

              muscles "-geometry" "+320+440" "-composite"

              target))

        (fn [& args] (map #(.getCanonicalPath %) args)))

        main-view muscles targets))))

 #+end_src

 

 #+begin_src sh :results silent

 cd ~/proj/cortex/render/worm-muscles

 ffmpeg -r 60 -i out/%07d.png -b:v 9000k -c:v libtheora worm-muscles.ogg

 #+end_src

 

 * Headers

 #+name: muscle-header

 #+begin_src clojure

 (ns cortex.movement

   "Give simulated creatures defined in special blender files the power

    to move around in a simulated environment."

   {:author "Robert McIntyre"}

   (:use (cortex world util sense body))

   (:import java.awt.image.BufferedImage)

   (:import com.jme3.scene.Node)

   (:import com.jme3.math.Vector3f)

   (:import com.jme3.bullet.control.RigidBodyControl))

 #+end_src

 

 #+name: test-header

 #+begin_src clojure

 (ns cortex.test.movement

   (:use (cortex world util sense body movement))

   (:use cortex.test.body)

   (:import java.io.File)

   (:import java.awt.image.BufferedImage)

   (:import com.jme3.scene.Node)

   (:import (com.jme3.math Quaternion Vector3f))

   (:import (com.aurellem.capture Capture RatchetTimer))

   (:import com.jme3.bullet.control.RigidBodyControl))

 #+end_src

 

 * Source Listing

   - [[../src/cortex/movement.clj][cortex.movement]]

   - [[../src/cortex/test/movement.clj][cortex.test.movement]]

   - [[../src/cortex/video/magick7.clj][cortex.video.magick7]]

 #+html: <ul> <li> <a href="../org/movement.org">This org file</a> </li> </ul>

   - [[http://hg.bortreb.com ][source-repository]]

 

 * COMMENT code generation

 #+begin_src clojure :tangle ../src/cortex/movement.clj

 <<muscle-header>>

 <<muscle-meta-data>>

 <<muscle-kernel>>

 <<visualization>>

 #+end_src

 

 #+begin_src clojure :tangle ../src/cortex/test/movement.clj

 <<test-header>>

 <<test-movement>>

 #+end_src

 

 #+begin_src clojure :tangle ../src/cortex/video/magick7.clj

 <<magick7>>

 #+end_src